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A diagram depicting an unpruned vine trained according to the umbrella system. This image shows stem renewal. This system is also known as the two-cane Kniffin system.

Unpruned Vine According to the Umbrella System

A diagram depicting an unpruned vine trained according to the umbrella system. This image shows stem…

An image depicting a pruned vine that was trained according to the umbrella system. This system is also called the two-cane Kniffin.

Pruned System According to the Umbrella System

An image depicting a pruned vine that was trained according to the umbrella system. This system is also…

"The two chief avenues that were open to advancement were the political and the military. He must be well educated in a general way. Then he must be versed in the law, in statesmanship, and in oratory, or else in the art of war. If he were trained in both disciplines, so much the better."—D'ooge & Eastman, 1917

Roman Boy

"The two chief avenues that were open to advancement were the political and the military. He must be…

"A contemporary cartoon which represents Catherine II, Joseph II, and Frederick II pointing out on the map the boundaries of Poland as divided between them. Stanislaus II, the Polish King, is trying to keep his crown from falling off his head."—Webster, 1920

The Partition of Poland

"A contemporary cartoon which represents Catherine II, Joseph II, and Frederick II pointing out on the…

Lord Clive was a British officer who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company.

Robert Clive

Lord Clive was a British officer who established the military and political supremacy of the East India…

"A contemporary cartoon representing the French people hammering to pieces with their flails all the emblems of the feudal system, including the knight's armor and sword and bishop's crosier and miter."—Webster, 1920

The Destruction of Feudalism

"A contemporary cartoon representing the French people hammering to pieces with their flails all the…

A military and political leader of France in the early 19th century.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A military and political leader of France in the early 19th century.

"A cartoon which appeared in the English journal Punch for November 17, 1860."—Webster, 1920

The Right Leg in the Boot at Last

"A cartoon which appeared in the English journal Punch for November 17, 1860."—Webster, 1920

William I, in the garb of an ancient Germanic chieftain, rides his charger over the body of prostate France. The Crown Prince, Bismarck, and other leaders appear in the background."—Webster, 1920p

Væ Victis!

William I, in the garb of an ancient Germanic chieftain, rides his charger over the body of prostate…

"A cartoon by Sir John Tenniel which appeared in the English journal Punch for June 10, 1854. The tsar is shown holding a bombshell to his ear and, as he listens to it (as children do to sea shells), having a vision of armed men."—Webster, 1920

What Nicholas Heard in the Shell

"A cartoon by Sir John Tenniel which appeared in the English journal Punch for June 10, 1854. The tsar…

"A cartoon by Sir John Tenniel which appeared in the English journal Punch for August 22, 1857."—Webster, 1920

The Lion's Vengeance on the Bengal Tiger

"A cartoon by Sir John Tenniel which appeared in the English journal Punch for August 22, 1857."—Webster,…

A Venezuelan military and political leader. He helped lead Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela to independence during his lifetime.

Simón Bolívar

A Venezuelan military and political leader. He helped lead Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru,…

An Italian inventor who is best known for his development of a radio telegraph system.

Guglielmo Marconi

An Italian inventor who is best known for his development of a radio telegraph system.

"A cartoon by Sir John Tenniel which appeared in the English journal Punch for March 9, 1890."—Webster, 1920

Dropping the Pilot

"A cartoon by Sir John Tenniel which appeared in the English journal Punch for March 9, 1890."—Webster,…

"Richard I (looking down on the Holy City): 'My dream comes true.' A cartoon which appeared in Punch, Dec. 19, 1917, at the time of the British capture of Jerusalem."—Webster, 1920

The Last Crusade

"Richard I (looking down on the Holy City): 'My dream comes true.' A cartoon which appeared in Punch,…

"Student life in the earlier university period, before the dormitory and college system was introduced, was unregulated and shamefully disorderly. The age was rough and lawless, and the student class were no better than their age; indeed, in some respects they seem to have been worse."—Myers, 1905

University Audience in the Fifteenth Century

"Student life in the earlier university period, before the dormitory and college system was introduced,…

A French pastor during the Protestant Reformation, who helped develop the system of Christian theology called Calvinism.

John Calvin

A French pastor during the Protestant Reformation, who helped develop the system of Christian theology…

An Italian military and political figure.

Garibaldi

An Italian military and political figure.

One of the world's earliest sewage system, located in ancient Rome.

Cloaca Maxima

One of the world's earliest sewage system, located in ancient Rome.

Also known as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. He was a military and political leader of the Roman Republic.

Pompey

Also known as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. He was a military and political leader of the Roman Republic.

Also known as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. He was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic.

Pompey the Great

Also known as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. He was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic.

Political advisor to Octavian, the first Emperor of Rome.

Mæcenas

Political advisor to Octavian, the first Emperor of Rome.

"The bones in the extremities of this the fleetest of quadrupeds are inclined very obliquely towards each other, and towards the scapular and iliac bones. This arrangement increases the leverage of the muscular system and confers great rapidity on the moving parts."—Pettigrew, 1874

Skeleton of the Deer

"The bones in the extremities of this the fleetest of quadrupeds are inclined very obliquely towards…

The superficial muscles in a horse.

Horse Muscles

The superficial muscles in a horse.

These pulleys are grooved such as to guide the inner belt, in this system there is less of a chance that a belt will run out of the pulley.

Grooved Pulleys

These pulleys are grooved such as to guide the inner belt, in this system there is less of a chance…

This is the garden plan of the Tuileries Garden in the time of Louis XIII in France. This was the garden system frequently used in France during the time of Louis XIII.

Ground Plan of the Tuileries Garden, Time of Louis XIII

This is the garden plan of the Tuileries Garden in the time of Louis XIII in France. This was the garden…

In a horizontal system of training pear trees the lower branches must be equally vigorous with the upper ones. A represents the permanent trees.

Horizontal System of Training Pear Trees

In a horizontal system of training pear trees the lower branches must be equally vigorous with the upper…

Shown is the system or mode of bearing the fruit of a pear tree.

Fruiting Branchlet of Pear

Shown is the system or mode of bearing the fruit of a pear tree.

Illustrated is the root system of trifolium pratense, a variety of clover.

Clover Root System

Illustrated is the root system of trifolium pratense, a variety of clover.

Illustrated is a fumigating tent of the Morrill system.

Fumigating Tent

Illustrated is a fumigating tent of the Morrill system.

A diagram of the inner workings of a trolly station. This diagram shows how trollies used to start when they were first being used. A pulley system is used that powers up a power box that starts the trolly.

Trolly Station

A diagram of the inner workings of a trolly station. This diagram shows how trollies used to start when…

A circuit breaker like the ones found on a railway switchboard. Circuit breakers are used to switch the circuit of in a magnetic field on and off. The main current enters through rear post A; B is the heavy tripping coil that of wire that the main current passes through, thus operating the breaker; C contact block; the main current passes from C to D, which is a copper bridge; E is a heavy block where the current goes through after D. To set the breaker, the handle L is pulled. This causes a reaction that stops the flow of the electrical current through the system.

Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker like the ones found on a railway switchboard. Circuit breakers are used to switch…

An example of what trolley wire looked like and how it moved.

Trolley wire Suspension

An example of what trolley wire looked like and how it moved.

How electrolysis may occur in a trolley system. TT is the trolley wire, RR is the track. As shown by the arrows, the regular flow of the current should return to the rails. If there is a pipe LL that offers a steady current, it will cause the current to leave the rails (I), enter the pipe, and flow out (0). P is the powerhouse that powers the wire and trolley (C).

Electrolysis

How electrolysis may occur in a trolley system. TT is the trolley wire, RR is the track. As shown by…

An air-brake system that was in use in the early twentieth century on trolleys. This model was recommended by the Christensen Company, a popular manufacturing company of the time. The diameter of the brake pistons were 6 inches. A and B are brake levers; C, X, and Y are tension rods that lessen the strain on the brakes.

Lever System

An air-brake system that was in use in the early twentieth century on trolleys. This model was recommended…

The general arrangement of a Westinghouse electric brake commonly used in trolleys at the turn of the century. (a) and (a') are the track shoes, (b) and (b') are the brake shoes, (c) is the magnetizing coil that receives current from motors running temporarily as generators, (d) and (d') are springs that the brakes are suspended from, and (e), (k), (h), and (f) are levers that assist with the movement of the brake system.

Electric Brake

The general arrangement of a Westinghouse electric brake commonly used in trolleys at the turn of the…

The digestive system of a fowl. 1 is the tongue, 3 is the crop, 6 is the gizzard, 10 is the small intestine, 1 is the pancreas, 16 is the liver, 17 is the gall bladder, and 18 is the spleen. All other organs are analogous to organs of humans

Fowl Digestion

The digestive system of a fowl. 1 is the tongue, 3 is the crop, 6 is the gizzard, 10 is the small intestine,…

Human lungs. 1 and 2 make up the larynx, or voice box. 1 is thyroid cartilage, 2 is cricoid cartilage. A thin layer is held stretched from the top of the thyroid cartilage and extends to the hyoid bone, which is the only bone in the body that is not connected to another bone.

Human Lungs

Human lungs. 1 and 2 make up the larynx, or voice box. 1 is thyroid cartilage, 2 is cricoid cartilage.…

An inclined plane with a different pulley system layout.

Simple Machine

An inclined plane with a different pulley system layout.

An inclined plane with an inverted pulley system. No rule can be given for the ratio of power to weight. It can be explained using the principle of resolution of forces.

Simple Machine

An inclined plane with an inverted pulley system. No rule can be given for the ratio of power to weight.…

Isothermal expansion is a change in a system with a constant temperature. This occurs when: A. Said system is in contact with an outside heat source and B. The change in temperature is slow enough so that the reservoir can adjust through heat exchange.

Isothermal Expansion

Isothermal expansion is a change in a system with a constant temperature. This occurs when: A. Said…

This is a crystal of Copper Silicate (Dioptase) with a rhombohedron of the third order, (s), in combination with the prism of the second order, (m), and the negative rhombohedron, (r). This crystal is an example of rhombohedral tetartohedrism in the hexagonal system.

Copper Silicate Showing Rhombohedral Tetartohedrism In the Hexagonal System

This is a crystal of Copper Silicate (Dioptase) with a rhombohedron of the third order, (s), in combination…

This image represents an isometric holohedral mirror positioned to produce a cube by reflection.

Isometric Holohedral Mirror

This image represents an isometric holohedral mirror positioned to produce a cube by reflection.

In the tetragonal system, the unit pyramid of the second order is the most common twinning plane. This is represented here as it occurs on crystals of Zircon, bounded by the forms (m), (u), (p), and (o).

Zircon (Twinning)

In the tetragonal system, the unit pyramid of the second order is the most common twinning plane. This…

In the orthorhombic system, tabular crystals of lead carbonite (cerussite), bounded by the forms ∞P∞̆, {010} (b); ∞P, {110} (m); and P, {111} (p), form groups in which both (m) and ∞P3̆, {130} act as twinning planes.

Cerussite

In the orthorhombic system, tabular crystals of lead carbonite (cerussite), bounded by the forms ∞P∞̆,…

This figure represents a crystal of iron pyrite showing representatives of all the forms of the isometric system except the rhombic dodecahedron: ∞O∞ {100} (P); O, {111} (d); [∞O2/2], π{102} (e); [4O2/2], π{214} (s); 2O2, {211} (o); and 3O, {133} (t). It is shortened in the direction of one of the principal axes, which, together with the fact that only two of the three faces belonging to the forms s, o, and t are developed in each octant, gives to it a decidedly orthorhombic habit.

Crystal of Iron Pyrite Showing Representatives of All the Forms of the Isometric System

This figure represents a crystal of iron pyrite showing representatives of all the forms of the isometric…

Nerve Ganglia, or Knots (sing. Ganglion; Knot) occur as collections of nerve cells on the course of a nerve, forming and obvious swelling. In surgery, it is the swelling caused by the collection of fluid in the fibrous sheath which surrounds a tendon. It arises from inflammation of the tendon-sheath, and occurs most often at the back of the wrist. Sometimes the cyst may be broken by firm pressure or by a smart blow, and the fluid be thus dispersed; or a puncture may be made, with proper antiseptic precautions, and the fluid be pressed out. Sometimes counter-irritation with iodine causes absorption. In any case, firm pressure with pad and bandage must be used afterwards, to prevent refilling until the cyst walls have united. This illustration shows a cross-section of a spinal cord and spinal nerve cells (g being ganglia).

Nerve Ganglia (Spinal)

Nerve Ganglia, or Knots (sing. Ganglion; Knot) occur as collections of nerve cells on the course of…

This illustration shows nerve cells from spinal ganglia.

Nerve Cells from Spinal Ganglia

This illustration shows nerve cells from spinal ganglia.

This illustration shows the glove of Oliver Cromwell, a 17th century English military and political leader.

Glove of Oliver Cromwell

This illustration shows the glove of Oliver Cromwell, a 17th century English military and political…

This illustration shows a section of a human kidney (A, Cortical substance; B, Pyramids; C, Hilum; D, Pelvis; E, Ureter; F, Suprarenal capsule). Kidneys are excretory organs whose function is to get rid of nitrogenous waste.

Section of Human Kidney

This illustration shows a section of a human kidney (A, Cortical substance; B, Pyramids; C, Hilum; D,…

The four-wire, three-phase system.

Three-phase System

The four-wire, three-phase system.

An example of a pulley system.

Applied Mechanics

An example of a pulley system.

An example of a pulley system.

Pulley Example

An example of a pulley system.

Any system of coordinate axes to another set which is parallel to the former, but with different origins.

Axes Shift

Any system of coordinate axes to another set which is parallel to the former, but with different origins.

Metric and English systems compared. 25 mm and 1 inch on respective rulers.

Metric and English Systems Compared

Metric and English systems compared. 25 mm and 1 inch on respective rulers.

A diagram showing the order of the universe as expounded by Ptolemy. Its basic concept surmises that the Earth is the center of our universe. This diagram was widely accepted as fact for fourteen centuries until it was discredited.

Spheres of the Ptolemaic System

A diagram showing the order of the universe as expounded by Ptolemy. Its basic concept surmises that…

"A conduit or canal constructed, especially in a town or city, to carry off superfluous, water, soil, and other matters; a public drain. A, B, C, D, E forms used in London, Paris, and other European cities; F, G, H, I, J, K, L, special forms used in New York and other American cities. F shows a method of repairing with tiles at the bottom of an oval sewer. G, tile-bottomed sewer. H, barrel sewer...of wood bound with iron. I, a form used for large sewers. J, section of pipe sewer. K, half section of sewer having section similar to B, but also provided with a spandrel. L, the aqueduct form, used for large sewers only, it rests on a bed of concrete." —Whitney, 1889

Collection of Sewer Cross-Sections

"A conduit or canal constructed, especially in a town or city, to carry off superfluous, water, soil,…

"In machinery, the system of shafts which connects machinery with the prime mover, and through which motion is communicated to the former by the latter. a, shaft; b b1, pulleys; c c1, belts; d d1, hangers; e, drip-cup to receive oil dropping from the bearing in d1." —Whitney, 1889

Shafting

"In machinery, the system of shafts which connects machinery with the prime mover, and through which…

"A system of pulleys in two blocks, so arranged that the parts of continuous rope are approximately parallel. The order in which the rope passes round the pulleys consecutively is shown by the figures in the cut. Named after the engineer who invented it." —Whitney, 1889

Pulleys - Smeaton's Blocks

"A system of pulleys in two blocks, so arranged that the parts of continuous rope are approximately…

"The aqueous vapor of the atmosphere precipitated in a crystalline form, and falling to the earth in flakes, each flake consisting of a distinct crystal, or more commonly combinations of separate crystals. The crystals belong to the hexagonal system, and are generally in the form of thin plates and long needles or spiculae; by their different modes of union they present uncounted varieties of very beautiful figures." —Whitney, 1889

Snowflakes as Described by William Scoresby

"The aqueous vapor of the atmosphere precipitated in a crystalline form, and falling to the earth in…